Abstract
This article aims to establish a relationship between the hierarchical structure of an organization and churning. Based on the principle that churning has several causes, this study focuses on psychological factors, particularly burnout, as a potential cause for voluntary employee turnover. It seeks to highlight the insufficient application of organizational policies capable of retaining employees and to present practices that can mitigate both burnout and churning in hierarchical organizational structures. Finally, the limitations in the preparation of this article are discussed, and directions for improvements by future researchers are proposed.
References
ARTZ, G.; EATHINGTON, L.; FRANCOIS, J.; MASINDE, M.; ORAZEM, P. Churning in Rural and Urban Retail Markets. The Official Journal of the Southern Regional Science Association, v. 50, n. 1, p. 110-126, 2020. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/94109
BILHIM, J. Teoria Organizacional: Estruturas e Pessoas. 2nd ed. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2001.
BILHIM, J. Ciência da Administração. 3rd ed. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2013.
BRATSBERG, B.; RAAUM, O.; RØED, K. Excess Churn in Integrated Labor Markets. Journal of Population Economics, v. 34, n. 4, p. 865–892, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-020-00795-1
CARMELO, B.; CORREIA, P. A Liderança e o Clima Organizacional como um Pilar do Contrato Psicológico. Lex Humana, v. 17, n. 2, p. 85-107, 2025. https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/3226
CASCIO, W.; BOUDREAU, J. Investing in People: Financial Impact of Human Resource Initiatives. 2nd ed. Nova Jérsia: Pearson Education, 2011.
COSTA, C.; CORREIA, P. O Contrato Psicológico e o Desenvolvimento de Burnout. Revista Da FAE, v. 25, n. 1, p. 7-24, 2022. https://revistafae.fae.edu/revistafae/article/view/721
DESHWAL, S. Employee Retention - Perspective of Employees. International Journal of Applied Research, v. 1, n. 6, p. 344-345, 2015.
Edquist, C.; Vonortas, N.; Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J.; Edler, J. Public Procurement for Innovation. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
ESTECHE, A.; LOZECKYI, J. Um Estudo Exploratório Sobre a Importância do Capital Humano Para as Empresas. Revista Eletrônica Lato Sensu, 2007.
ESTRE, F. Hierarquia Organizacional: uma Crítica de Poder e Interdependência. Brazilian Journal of Internacional Relations, v. 8, n. 1, p. 198-244, 2019. https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n1.10.p198
FAYOL, H. General and Industrial Management. Londres: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1949. https://ia903403.us.archive.org/11/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.13518/2015.13518.General-And-Industrial-Management.pdf
FREUDENBERGER, H. Staff Burnout. Journal of Social Issues, v. 30, n. 1, p. 159–165, 1974. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
GALINSKY, A.; SCHWEITZER, M. The Ups and Downs of Managing Hierarchies: The Keys to Organizational Effectiveness. IESE Insight, v. 27, n. 1, p. 54-61, 2015.
GARCIA, B. O Impacto da Teoria Institucional nos Sistemas de Avaliação de Desempenho nos Hospitais Portugueses—As Perceções dos Colaboradores como Evidência. 2015. Tese de Doutoramento - Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas.
GUTTERMAN, A. Hierarchy Culture: Order Above All. Social Science Research Network, 2025. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5592930
HUDSON, C. Churning in the Human Services: Nefarious Practice or Policy of “Creative Destruction”?. New England Journal of Public Policy, v. 27, n. 1, p. 1-11, 2015.
KAYE, B.; EVANS, S. Retaining Key Employees. Public Management, 2001.
KURNIAWATY, K.; RAMLY, M.; RAMLAWATI, R. The Effect of Work Environment, Stress, and Job Satisfaction on Employee Turnover Intention. Management Science Letters, v. 9, n. 6, p. 877–886, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.3.001
LAWRENCE, M.; POLIQUIN, C. The Growth of Hierarchy in Organizations: Managing Knowledge Scope. Strategic Management Journal, v. 44, n. 13, p. 3155–3184, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3539
LAZEAR, E.; SPLETZER, J. Hiring, Churn, and the Business Cycle. American Economic Review, v. 102, n. 3, p. 575–579, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.575
Maslach, C.; Leiter, M. The Truth About Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress and What to do about it. São Francisco: Josey-Bass, 1997.
MATOS, J.; MENEZES, T.; NUNES, A. Uma Abordagem sobre a Síndrome de Burnout e seus Reflexos na Rotina das Empresas. Id on line Revista de psicologia, v. 17, n. 69, p. 338-358, 2023. http://idonline.emnuvens.com.br/id
MAWARDI, M.; CAHYADI, N. Strategy for Improving Human Resources Quality Through Training and Brainstorming. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan, v. 12, n. 6, p. 2629-2636, 2024. https://doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v12i6.2956
MERCADAL, T. Hierarchical Organizational Structure. EBSCO Information Services, 2021.
NAGARAJU, B.; POOJA, J. Impact of Salary on Employee Performance Emperical Evidence from Public and Private Sector Banks of Karnataka. International Journal of Marketing and Human Resource Management, v. 8, n. 4, p. 43-51, 2017.
PENG, M. Estratégia Global. 3rd ed. Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2008.
PEREIRA, S.; CORREIA, P.; PALMA, P.; PITACHO, L.; LUNARDI, F. The Conceptual Model of Role Stress and Job Burnout in Judges: The Moderating Role of Career Calling. Laws, v. 11, n. 3, p. 42, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11030042
PIRROLAS, O.; CORREIA, P. Churning de Recursos Humanos: Causas e Estratégias de Atenuação. Lex Humana, v. 13 n. 1, p. 165–181, 2021. https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2061
PIRROLAS, O.; CORREIA, P. The Theoretical-Conceptual Model of Churning in Human Resources: The Importance of its Operationalization. Sustainability, v. 13, n. 9, p. 1-11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094770
PIRROLAS, O.; CORREIA, P. Literature Review on Human Resource Churning—Theoretical Framework, Costs and Proposed Solutions. Social Sciences, v. 11, n. 10, p. 489, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11100489
PIRROLAS, O.; CORREIA, P. Human Resources Churning. Encyclopedia, v. 3, n. 2, p. 582-589, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3020041
PIRROLAS, O.; CORREIA, P. Human Resources’ Burnout. Encyclopedia, v. 4, n. 1, p. 488–496, 2024. https:// doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4010032
PIRROLAS, O.; CORREIA, P. Human Resources Churning Prevention in Organizational Performance: Association or Impact Relationships?. RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, v. 26, n. 3, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMG250170
PIRROLAS, O.; CORREIA, P. The Impact of Burnout: Costs of Lost Productivity in Portuguese Companies Due to Absenteeism and Presenteeism. European Journal of Applied Business Management, v. 11, n. 3, p. 1-20, 2025. https://doi.org/10.58869/EJABM11(3)/01
Puranam, P. The Microstructure of Organizations. online ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.001.0001
ROUSSEAU, D. Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, v. 2, n. 2, p. 121–139, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
RUA, O.; MELO, L. O Papel da Vantagem Competitiva na Relação entre Internacionalização e Desempenho das Exportações: Estudo de Caso da EFACEC. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia, v. 14, n. 1, p. 28-42, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v14i1.1995
SAITI, A.; STEFOU, T. Hierarchical Organizational Structure and Leadership. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.709
SARADHI, V.; PALSHIKAR, G. Employee Churn Prediction. Expert Systems with Applications, v. 38, n. 3, p. 1999-2006, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.07.134
Wilson, J. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies do and Why They Do It. Nova Iorque: Basic Books, 1989.
WORRAL, L.; PARKES, C.; COOPER, C. The Impact of Organizational Changes on the Perceptions of UK Managers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, v. 13, n. 2, p. 139-163, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000047
YIĞIT, Í.; SHOURABIZADEH, H. An Approach for Predicting Employee Churn by Using Data Mining. International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/IDAP.2017.8090324

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lex Humana (ISSN 2175-0947)
