Abstract
Speciesism can be defined as discrimination against those who do not belong to a certain species(s). It is often objected to compare speciesism with discriminations that affect humans, such as racism, sexism, and ableism. There are also frequent objections to comparing the consequences of speciesism (e.g., exploitation over nonhuman animals) with the consequences of discriminations over humans (such as human slavery or the holocaust). In this paper I discuss three types of objections to such comparisons: (a) that they should not be made because some people might be offended by them; (b) that the compared cases are not analogous and; (c) that such comparisons might be counterproductive in combating speciesism. I will argue that: (a) there are no good reasons for anyone to be offended by such comparisons; (b) the compared cases are analogous and that; (c) such comparisons are essential not only to explain what speciesism is, but to combat it, as well as to combat other forms of discrimination.
References
ALBERSMEIER, F. Speciesism and Speciescentrism. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 15 mar. 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-021-10168-6. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2021.
CARRUTHERS, P. The animal issue: Moral theory in practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
COE, S. Dead Meat. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1995.
COHEN, C. The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 316, p. 865–70, 1986.
CROWE, D. M. The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath. Boulder: Westview Press, 2008.
CUNHA, L. C. Nas teorias consequencialistas, há um conflito entre o princípio da igualdade e a meta de atingir as melhores consequências? Guairacá - Revista de Filosofia, v. 36, n. 2, p. 55-77, 2020.
CUNHA, L. C. Vítimas da natureza: implicações éticas dos danos que os animais não humanos padecem em decorrência dos processos naturais. Tese (Doutorado em Filosofia). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 2018.
DIAMOND, C. The Importance of Being Human. In: COCKBURN, D. (org.). Human Beings. Suplemento de Philosophy, v. 29. Cambridge: Royal Institute of Philosophy, 1991, p. 35-62.
DORADO, D.; HORTA, O. Cambio de paradigma: un análisis bibliográfico de la literatura reciente en ética animal. Dilemata, v. 15, p. 103-112, 2014.
EHNERT, J. The argument from species overlap. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2002.
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Capture Production 1950-2014. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Global Statistical Collections, 2010. Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2017.
FARIA, C. Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature. Tese (Doutorado em Filosofia). Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 2016.
FOX, M. W. Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
FRANCIS, L; NORMAN, R. Some Animals Are More Equal Than Others. Philosophy, v. 53, p. 507–27, 1978.
FREY, R. G. Interests and rights: The case against animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
GAITA, R. The philosopher’s dog: Friendships with animals. London: Routledge, 2003.
GOLD, M. Animal Rights: Extending the Circle of Compassion. Oxford: Jon Carpenter, 1995.
HARRISON, P. Theodicy and animal pain. Philosophy, v. 64, p. 79–92, 1989.
HORTA, O. Moral Considerability and the Argument from Relevance. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, v. 31, n. 3, p. 369-388, 2018.
HORTA. O. The Scope of the Argument from Species Overlap. Journal of Applied Philosophy, v. 31, p. 142-154, 2014.
HORTA, O. What is Speciesism. The Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, v. 23, p. 243–266, 2010.
HORTA, O., ALBERSMEIER, F. Defining speciesism. Philosophy Compass, v. 15, n. 11, p. 1-9, 2020.
JANKOWIAK, M.. What Does the Slave Trade in the Saqaliba Tell Us about Early Islamic Slavery?. International Journal of Middle East Studies. v. 49, n. 1, p. 169–172, 2017.
JASPER, M.; NELKIN, D. The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest. New York: Free Press, 1992.
LEAHY, M Against liberation: Putting in animals in perspective. Routledge: London, 1991.
LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN, K. Private discrimination: A prioritarian, desert-accommodating account. San Diego Law Review, v. 43, p. 817-856, 2006.
MOOD A.; BROOKE, P. Estimating the Number of Fish Caught in Global Fishing Each Year. Fishcount.org.uk, 2010. Disponível em:
http://www.fishcount.org.uk/published/std/fishcountstudy.pdf. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2017.
NAVERSON, J. A Defense of Meat Eating. In: REGAN, T.; SINGER, P. (orgs.). Animal Rights and Human Obligations, 2a ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989, p. 192–195.
PATTERSON, C. Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. New York: Lantern Books, 2002.
REGAN, T. Jaulas Vazias: Encarando o Desafio do Direitos Animais. Trad. Regina Rheda. São Paulo: Lugano, 2006.
REGAN, T. The Struggle for Animal Rights. Clarks Summit: International Society for Animal Rights, 1987.
REICHMANN, J. B. Evolution, animal ‘rights’ and the environment. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2000.
ROLLIN, B. The unheeded cry: animal consciousness, animal pain and science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
RYDER, R D. Speciesism. In: BAIRD, R. M; ROSENBAUM, S. (orgs.). Animal Experimentation: The Moral Issues. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1991.
SAPONTZIS, S. F. Morals, Reason, and Animals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.
SAX, B. Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, Scapegoats, and the Holocaust. New York: Continuum, 2000.
SCANLON, T. M. What we owe to each other. Harvard: Belknap, 1998.
SCRUTON, R Animal rights and wrongs. London: Metro, 1996.
SINGER, I. B. The Penitent. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.
SINGER, P. Ética Prática. 3 ed. Trad. Jefferson L. Camargo. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2002.
SINGER, P. Libertação Animal. Trad. Marly Winckler. Porto Alegre/São Paulo: Lugano, 2004.
SZTYBEL, D. Can the treatment of animals be compared to the holocaust? Ethics & the environment, v. 11, n.1, p. 97-132, 2006.
TOMASIK, B. How Many Animals are There? Essays on Reducing Suffering, 07 ago. 2019. Disponível em: http://reducing-suffering.org/how-many-wild-animals-are-there/. Acesso em: 04 mai. 2020.
WATSON, R. A. Self-Consciousness and the Rights of Nonhuman Animals and Nature. In: HARGROVE, E. (org). The Animal Rights/Environmental Ethics Debate: The Environmental Perspective. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.
WENZ, P. S. Environmental justice. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
WILSON, S. The Species-Norm Account of Human Status. Between the Species, v. 13, n. 5, 2005. Disponível em: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bts/vol13/iss5/7. Acesso em: 04 mai. 2017.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Synesis (ISSN 1984-6754)