Abstract
Every foreigner who comes to Vietnam on Tet and other spiritual holiday of the year is very surprised when witnessing the phenomenon of offering votive papers for the dead everywhere. This fact has received great attention from domestic and international scientists. However, previous studies only stopped at qualitative research. To enrich the research literature, this study explores the relationship between individual religious orientation and the behavior of Vietnamese people to burn votive papers for the dead. This study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey using intentional sampling technique (n=200). Multivariate linear regression analysis technique was applied to prove the hypotheses. Research results show that there is a relationship between religious orientation and Vietnamese people’s behavior of burning votive papers for the dead. Individuals with external religious orientation tend to offer votive papers to the dead from non-religious motives. Individuals with an inner religious orientation tend to offer votive papers to the dead out of religious motives.”
References
Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 20, 1–63. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60411-6.
Allport, G. W. & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-433.
Allport, G. W. (1966). Religious context of prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 447 457.
Allport, G. W.(1950).The individual and his religion. New York: Macmillan. at Gordon Allport’s Religious Orientation Dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1609-1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.034
Bodemer, Margaret Barnhill. (2005). Ram Thang Bay: Offerings to Wandering Spirits in Contemporary Vietnam. Asian Anthropology, 4, 115-136.
Cerny, C.A., & Kaiser, H.F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12(1), 43-47.
Chu, Julie Y. (2010). Cosmologies of Credit: Transnational Mobility and the Politics of Destination in China. London: Duke University Press.
De Vries, Hent. (2001). In Media Res: Global Religion, Public Spheres, and the Task of Contemporary Comparative Religious Studies. In Religion and Media, edited by Hent De Vries and Samuel Weber, 3-42. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Diener, E. Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Eisenlohr, Patrick. (2011). Introduction. In What is a Medium? Theologies, Technologies and Aspirations.Social Anthropology, 19 (1),1-5.
Eisenlohr, Patrick. (2012). Media and Religious Diversity. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41,37-55.
Endres, Kirsten W. (2011). Performing the Divine: Mediums, Market and Modernity in Urban Vietnam. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Endres, Kirsten W., and Andrea Lauser. (2012). Contests of Commemoration: Virgin War Martyrs, State Memorials, and the Invocation of the Spirit World in Contemporary Vietnam. In Engaging the Spirit World. Popular Beliefs and Practices in Modern Southeast Asia, edited by Kirsten W. Endres and Andrea Lauser, 121-142. London: Berghahn Books.
Engelke, Matthew. (2010). Religion and the Media Turn: A Review Essay. American Ethnologist 37 (2), 371-379.
Fjelstad, Karen, and Thi Hien Nguyen, eds. (2006). Possessed by the Spirits: Mediumship in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
García-Alandete, J., Rubio-Belmonte, C., & Soucase-Lozano, B. (2019). The religious orientation scale revised among Spanish catholic people: Structural validity and inter-nal consistency of a 21-item model. Universitas Psychologica, 18(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/ Javeriana.upsy18-3.rosr
Gertrud Hüwelmeier .(2016). Cell phones for the spirits: ancestor worship and ritual economies in vietnam and its diasporas. Material Religion, 12(3), 294-321, DOI: 10.1080/17432200.2016.1192149.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., and Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.): Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
Hefner, Robert W. (2010). Religious Resurgence in Contemporary Asia: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Capitalism, the State, and the New Piety. The Journal of Asian Studies, 69 (04), 1031-1047.
Hills, P., Francis, L. J., Argyle, M., & Jackson, C. J. (2004). Primary Personality Trait Correlates of Religious Practice and Orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 61-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00051-5.
Jellema, Kate. (2007). Returning Home: Ancestor Veneration and the Nationalism of Doi moi Vietnam. In Modernity and Reenchantment in Post-revolutionary Vietnam, edited by Philip Taylor, 57-89. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Kaiser, H. (1974). An index of factor simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36.
Kendall, Laurel. (2008). Popular Religion and the Sacred Life of Material Goods in Contemporary Vietnam. Asian Ethnology, 67 (2), 177-199.
Kwon, Heonik. (2007). Dollarization of Vietnamese Ghost Money. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 13, 73-90.
Lawler, E. E. (1971). Pay and organizational effectiveness: A psychological view. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Malarney, Shaun Kingsley. (2003). Weddings and Funerals in Contemporary Vietnam. In Vietnam: Journeys of Body, Mind, and Spirit, edited by Nguyen Van Huyand Laurel Kendall, 173-196. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mazzarella, William. (2004). Culture, Globalization, Mediation. Annual Review of Anthropology 33, 345-367.
Meyer, Birgit. (2006). Impossible Rep-resentations: Pentecostalism, Vision, and Video Technology in Ghana. In Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere, edited by Birgit Meyer and Annelies Moors, 290-312. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Meyer, Birgit. (2010). Introduction: From Imagined Communities to Aesthetic Formations: Mediations, Sensational Forms, and Styles of Binding. In Aesthetic Formations: Media, Religion, and the Senses, edited by B. Meyer, 1-28. Palgrave Macmillan.
Michalos, A. (1985). Multiple discrepancy theory. Social Indicators Research, 16, 347–413.
Morris, Rosalind C. (2015). On the Subject of Spirit Mediumship in the Age of New Media. In Trance-mediums & New Media, edited by Heike Behrend, Anja Dreschke, and Martin Zillinger, 25-55. New York: Fordham University Press.
Pakpour AH, Gellert P, Asefzadeh S, Updegraff JA, Molloy GJ, Sniehotta FF. (2014). Intention and planning predicting medication adherence following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Psychoso- matic Research, 77(4), 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.07.001.
Pham, Quynh Phuong. (2009). Hero and Deity: Tran Hung Dao and the Resurgence of the Popular Religion in Vietnam. Thailand: Mekong Press.
Phuong Huu Tung. (2022). Reforming wage policy for workers towards living wage in Vietnam, Linguistics and Culture Review, Vol 6 (S1), 340-350.
Phuong Huu Tung. (2022). The living wage of workers in Vietnam, Linguistics and Culture Review, Vol 6 (S1), 328-339.
Salemink, Oscar. (2008). Spirits of Consumption and the Capitalist Ethic in Vietnam. In Religious Commodifications in Asia, edited by Pattana Kitiarsa, 147-168. New York: Routledge.
Scheppe, Wolfgang. (2015). In Effigie Prolegomena zur Reprasentations- magie im Warenhaus der Toten [In Effi-gy prolegomena on Representational Magic in the Warehouse of the Dead. In Vol. 2 of Supermarket of the Dead. Brandopfer in China und der Kult des globalisierten Konsums [Supermarket of the Dead. Burnt Offerings in China and the Cult of Globalized Consumption], edited by Wolfgang Scheppe, 7-105. Dresden: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walter Koenig.
Sun Y, Fang Y, Lim KH, Straub D. (2012). User satisfaction with information technology services: A social capital perspective. Information Systems Research, 23(4),1195–211.
Taylor, Philip, ed. (2007). Modernity and Re-enchantment in Post revolutionary Vietnam. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Tiliopoulos, N., Bikker, A. P., Coxon, A. P. M., & Hawkin, P. K. (2007). The Means and Ends of Religiosity: A Fresh Look.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Synesis (ISSN 1984-6754)