Abstract
The aim of this article is to show how leadership and the organizational climate that comes from it can influence the maintenance or violation of the Psychological Contract. It is often thought that the violation of the Psychological Contract is something negative and also brings negative factors to organizations, sometimes hindering the achievement of their objectives. However, this isn't always the case, as the contract has an inherent subjectivity that doesn't make it possible to clarify whether the violation is something intrinsically bad or good. As far as the structure of the article is concerned, it is divided into four main sections that depend on each other. The first defines the concept of leadership; another defines the concept of organizational climate; a third refers to the definition of the Psychological Contract; finally, a fourth section relays the key concepts of the article and refers to a differentiated view, questioning whether there really is a need for a Psychological Contract and whether the negative violation of this contract is necessarily bad for the organization.
References
Anbreu, M., & Silva, G. (2006). Contratos Psicológicos nas Organizações: Bases de sua Construção. Revista de Gestão, 13, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.5700/issn.2177-8736.rege.2006.36544
Almeida, Filipe (2004), Gestão de Recursos Humanos, in António Martins (org.), Introdução à Gestão de Organizações (pp.261-326). Porto: Vida Económica, 261-326
Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621
Bárbosa, A. (2015). A Arte de Liderar: O papel do Líder na Gestão de Conflitos [Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade de Teologia Integrada]. Faculdade de Teologia Integrada Igarassu. http://www.fatin.com.br/download/espaco-do-administrador/a-arte-de-liderar-o-papel-do-lider-na-gestao-de-conflietos.pdf
Barbosa, F. M., Gambi, L. D. N., & Gerolamo, M. C. (2017). Liderança e gestão da qualidade – um estudo correlacional entre estilos de liderança e princípios da gestão da qualidade. Gestao e Producao, 24(3), 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-530X2278-16
Bass, B. M. (1990). From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision. Organizational Dynamics, 8 (3), 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S
Borges, F., & Mendes, J. (2014). Competências do Gestor e do Líder: Estudo De Caso. Repositório das Universidades Lusíadas, 18 (2014). - p. 89-120. http://hdl.handle.net/11067/1363
Burgess, S., Lane, J., & Stevens, D. (2001). Churning dynamics: an analysis of hires and separations at the employer level. Labour Economics, 8(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5371(00)00027-0
Bryman, A. (1991). Charisma and Leadership in Organizations. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840693014003
Cassar,V. (2001). Violating psychological contract terms amongst Maltese public service employees: occurrence and relationships. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(3), p. 194-208. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940110385749
Chen, X. and Yang, B. (2023) A Review of Paradoxical Leadership Research. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 11, 871-886. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2023.114050
Chiavenato, I. (2014). Gestão de Pessoas: O novo papel dos recursos humanos nas organizações (4º edição). Editora Manole.
Costa, C., & Correia, P. (2022). O Contrato Psicológico e o Desenvolvimento de Burnout. In Correia, P. M. A. R. (Cord.), FDUC Handbook de Administração Público-Privada (pp. 405-424). Centro de Estudos de Direito Público e Regulação.
Costa, C., & Correia, P. (2022). O Contrato Psicológico e o Desenvolvimento de Burnout. Revista FAE, 25(1), e 072. https://revistafae.fae.edu/revistafae/article/view/721
Gardner, G. et al. (2015). Organization-based self-esteem, psychological contract fulfillment, and perceived employment opportunities: a test of self-regulatory theory. Human Resource Management, v. 54, n. 6, p. 933-953. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21648
Jornal Público. (28/10/2022). Elon Musk é o novo dono do Twitter: Primeira medida foi despedir os altos executivos. https://www.publico.pt/2022/10/28/tecnologia/noticia/elon-musk-demite-altos-executivos-twitter-assumir-empresa-2025689
Guzzo, R. & Noonan K. (2006). Human Resource Practices as Communications and the Psychological Contract. Human Resource Management, 33(3): 447 – 462. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930330311
Kohan, A., & Mazmanian, D. (2003). Police Work, Burnout, and Pro-Organizational Behavior. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(5), 559–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854803254432
Li, J., Wong, a., &; Kim, G. ( 2016) . Effects of psychological contract breach on attitudes and performance: the moderating role of competitive climate. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55(2016), p. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.010
Hogan, R. & Kaiser, R. B. (2005). What we know about leadership. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.169
Rico, J. G. P. (2011). Gestão do Contrato Psicológico num Contexto de Mudança [Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra]. Repositório Científico da Universidade de Coimbra
https://hdl.handle.net/10316/18117
Lian, L., Guo, S., Wang, Q., Hu, L., Yang, X., & Li, X. (2021). Calling, character strengths, career identity, and job burnout in young Chinese university teachers: A chain-mediating model. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105776
Lopes, V. (2023). Liderança nas Organizações: um estudo teórico sobre a Liderança Servidora e a Liderança Transformacional. Recima21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar 4(12): 1-12 https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v4i12.4546
Maia, T., Correia, P. & Resende, S. (2023). O Papel da Liderança na Administração Pública: Desafios Emergentes da Nova Gestão Pública. Lex Humana, 15(4),17-35. https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2499
Maia, T., Correia, P. & Resende, S. (2023). O Papel da Liderança na Administração Pública: Desafios Emergentes da Nova Gestão Pública. In Correia, P. M. A. R. (Cord.), FDUC Handbook de Administração Público-Privada (pp. 161-181). Centro de Estudos de Direito Público e Regulação.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early Predictors of Job Burnout and Engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498.
Euronews. (28/10/2022). Musk Compra o Twitter e despede responsáveis. https://pt.euronews.com/2022/10/28/musk-compra-o-twitter-e-despede-responsaveis
Fraga, R. (2018). O Impacto da Liderança na Performance Organizacional. [Dissertação de Mestrado, Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração de Coimbra]. Repositório Comum. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/27830
Paulino, M. (2012). Liderança e estratégias de gestão de conflitos. [Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Évora]. Repositório Universidade de Évora. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12368
Pereira, S., Correia, P., Palma, P. &, Pitacho,L.(2021, outubro). O papel do Chamamento na Moderação entre o Stress de Papéis e o Burnout: As Lições da Judicatura [Conferência]. Administration of Justice Meeting, Lisbon.
Pimentel, D., Almeida, L., Marques, D., & Sousa, M. (2021). Empresas Familiares Portuguesas-Employer branding e contrato psicológico. Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 19(3/4), 213–230. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/8548
Pirrolas , O., & Correia , P. (2020). O churning aplicado à gestão de recursos humanos: a importância de um modelo de previsão. Lex Humana, 12(1), 59–68. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/29431
Pirrolas , O., & Correia , P. (2020). O churning aplicado à gestão de recursos humanos: a importância de um modelo de previsão. In Correia, P. M. A. R. (Cord.), FDUC Handbook de Administração Público-Privada (pp. 345-353). Centro de Estudos de Direito Público e Regulação.
Pirrolas, O., & Correia , P. (2021). Churning de Recursos Humanos: Causas e Estratégias de Atenuação. Lex Humana, 13(1), 165–181. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/28265
Pirrolas, O., & Correia, P. (2021). The Theoretical-Conceptual Model of Churning in Human Resources: The Importance of Its Operationalization. Sustainability, 13(9), 4770. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094770
Pirrolas, O., & Correia, P. (2022). A qualitative approach on the main causes of human resource churning. New Trends in Qualitative Research, 14. https://doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.14.2022.e720-0
Pirrolas, O., & Correia , P. (2022). Churning de recursos humanos: setor privado versus setor público. Revista de Gestão Dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, 21(3), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.12660/rgplp.v21n3.2022.85188
Pirrolas, O., & Correia, P. (2022). Literature Review on Human Resource Churning—Theoretical Framework, Costs and Proposed Solutions. Social Sciences, 11(10), 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11100489
Pirrolas, O., & Correia , P. (2023). Human Resources Churning Management and its Articulation with Organisational Policies. Simbiótica , 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.47456/simbitica.v10i1.38620
Pirrolas, O., & Correia, P. (2024). Human resources churning dependent on the economy: Society’s impact on institutions? RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eramg240008
Pirrolas, O., & Correia, P. (2024). Human Resources’ Burnout. Encyclopedia, 4(1), 488–496. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4010032
Popa, M. (2012). The Relationship Between Leadership Effectiveness and Organizational Performance. Jornal of Defense Resources Manegement 1(4), 123-127. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=21338
Ramli, Y. (2024). Strategic Enterpreneurship Elon Musk. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385132586
Robbins, S. P., Judge T., & Sobral, F. (2006). Comportamento Organizacional (14th ed.). Pearson Education do Brasil.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
Soares, M. (2021). O papel da liderança situacional e sua influência na gestão de dilemas, estratégias e possibilidades nas organizações. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber, 01-12. https://doi.org/10.51473/rcmos.v1i1.2022.24
Solinger, O. N., Hofmans, J., Bal, P. M., & Jansen, P. G. W. (2016). Bouncing back from psychological contract breach: How commitment recovers over time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(4), 494–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2047
Souza, T., Júnior, D., & Magalhães Sérgio. (2015). A Importância do Clima Organizacional. Revista Eletrónica da Universidade Vale do Rio Verde, 315-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.5892/ruvrd.v13i1.2426
Trigo, T. R., Teng, C. T., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2007). Síndrome de burnout ou estafa profissional e os transtornos psiquiátricos. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 34(5), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832007000500004
Van Thiel, S. (2022). Research Methods in Public Administration and Public Management: an introduction. Routledge.
Wu, G., Hu, Z., & Zheng, J. (2019). Role Stress, Job Burnout, and Job Performance in Construction Project Managers: The Moderating Role of Career Calling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132394
Wyse, R. D. M. (2018). Motivação: Teorias Motivacionais do Comportamento Humano. Revista de Ciências Gerenciais, 22(36), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6571.2018v22n36p134-141

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lex Humana (ISSN 2175-0947)