Palavras-chave
Orientalismo
Relacionamentos intelectuais
Seitas e facções islâmicas
Islã e Ocidente
Como Citar
Resumo
O "orientalismo", um desafio persistente e significativo para o mundo islâmico, ganhou força e transformou-se em várias formas e estratégias nos tempos modernos. O orientalismo demonstrou um fascínio pronunciado pelas seitas e facções que se desviavam dos ensinamentos autênticos e exactos do Islão, distorcendo assim os verdadeiros conceitos e leis da religião. Este facto teve um impacto significativo em numerosas nações islâmicas, deixando atrás de si uma influência doutrinária proeminente como o sufismo. O sufismo ocupa a posição mais elevada entre estas várias seitas e tem suscitado um interesse significativo por parte do orientalismo. Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar os factores que contribuem para a ligação entre o sufismo e o orientalismo, e procura desvendar as origens e o desenvolvimento histórico de ligações tão intrincadas e entrelaçadas entre o orientalismo e o sufismo. Os resultados da investigação demonstram que, embora existam discrepâncias no estabelecimento da origem exacta do orientalismo, há provas substanciais que indicam uma longa história de como o orientalismo pode moldar e ajudar a estabelecer o sufismo no mundo muçulmano. Este facto é evidente através do seu intercâmbio frequente de práticas e modificações. A relação entre o sufismo e os orientalistas é marcada por uma rede complexa de associações e actividades associadas ao orientalismo. A associação entre o Orientalismo e o Sufismo surgiu devido a múltiplos factores. No entanto, o aspeto mais notável foi a semelhança entre o sufismo e o conceito de Al-Batiniyah (esotérico) e o alinhamento das ideias apresentadas em "Doctrinal Sufism" com as perspectivas intelectuais dos orientalistas. De acordo com os resultados, esta investigação sugere que se dediquem mais recursos à análise dos padrões intelectuais do orientalismo e da sua ligação evolutiva com as seitas e facções religiosas que se opõem ao Islão. Além disso, recomenda que se acompanhem de perto as mudanças que ocorrem no movimento sufi e as suas tendências actuais relacionadas com o mundo ocidental, como o "sufismo francófono".
Referências
Abdullah, A., Al-Din, F., & Al-Razi, M. A. The Beliefs of the Sects of Muslims and Polytheists. Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya. 1981
Abu al-Faraj, A. M. The Devils’ Deception. Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi. 1984
Abu Al-Rayhan Al-Biruni, A Critical Study of What India Says, Whether Accepted by Reason or Refused, Abu Al-Rayhan Al-Biruni, p. 27, 1983
Al-Abbas, A. A. Warding off the Conflict. M. R. Salem (Ed.). House of Literary Treasures, Riyadh. 1971
Al-Afifi, A. A. Sufism (The Spiritual Revolution in Islam). Dar Al-Shaab.
Al-Afriqi, J. M., & Ali, M. M. The Tongue of Arabs (3rd ed.). Dar Sader, Beirut. 1993
Al-Ajam, R. Encyclopedia of Islamic Sufism Terminology. Library of Lebanon, Beirut. 1999
Al-Ajili, A. Sufi Orders and French Colonialism in Tunisia. Publications of the Faculty of Arts in Manouba. 1992
Al-Din Al-Shayal, J. Alexandria Flags In The Islamic Era. The Prince Ghazi Trust.2019 https://www.quranicthought.com/ar/books/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A/
Al-Din, S., & Al-Dhahabi, M. A. The Biographies of the Noble Figures (9th ed.). Al-Resala Foundation. 1992
Al-Din, S., & Al-Dhahabi, M. B. Lessons in the Biographies of Those Who Have Gone. Kuwait Government Press. 1984
Al-Falah, A. A., & Al-Hanbali, A. M. The Pieces of Gold in the News of Those Who Have Gone (Shazaraat Al-Zahab Fi Akhbaar Man Zahab). M. Al-Arnaout (Ed.). Dar Ibn Kathir, Damascus. 1985
Al-Ghamdi, S. A. When Uncle Sam Become Naaseka (A Critical Study of the Position of American Research Centers on Sufism). Center for Contemporary Thought, Riyadh. 2014
Al-Ghazali, A. H.. Revival of Religious Sciences (1st ed.). Dar Ibn Hazm. 2005
Al-Haaj, S, S. Criticism of Orientalists Discourse (The Orientalists Phenomenon and Its Impact on Islamic Studies), Vol. 1, pp. 20-21. Tareef Al-Istishraque, Dr.Mazen Al-Mutbaqani (the website of Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah Center for Western Studies. http://madinacenter.com/wp/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82
Al-Hafny, A. M. Encyclopedia of Jewish Philosophers and Mystics. Madbouly Library. 2007
Al-Hafny, A. M. The Sufi Encyclopedia (Alaam Al-Taswwuf Wa Al-Munkireen Alaih Wa Al-Turuq Al-Sufiyah). Dar Al-Rushd, Cairo. 1991
Al-Harrani, A. A. The requirement of the straight path to oppose the companions of hell (2nd ed.). M. H. Al-Fiqi (Ed.). Al-Sunnah Muhammadiyah Press, Cairo. 1949
Al-Harrani, A. I. Majmoo Al-Fatawa (3rd ed.). Dar Al-Wafa. 2005
Al-Jabarti, A. H. The Strange Secrets in the Biographies (Ajaaeb Al-Asaar Fi Al-Tarajim Wal Akhbar). Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut. 2003
Al-Jarjani, A. M., & Al-Anbari, I. Definitions. Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Beirut. 1984
Al-Kallabathi Abu Bakr, M. Introduction to the Doctrine of the People of Sufism. Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya. 1980
Al-Kashani, A. R. Dictionary of Sufi Terminology. A. A. Shaheen (Ed.). Dar Al-Manar, Cairo. 1992
Al-Manjara, A. Is Francophonie a tool for international relations (2nd ed.). The National Progressive Unionist Party. 1998
Al-Mudaifer, A. The Research and Development Corporation (RAND) and its position on the Islamic Dawah (a critical analytical descriptive study on the new American Orientalism). Al-Taseel Center for Studies and Research, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia pp. 386-387. 2014
Al-Nahhas, Z. (2004). Sufi Orders and Zawaya, their development and impact on the modern Arab Maghreb,. Journal of Al-Rafidain Literature, 39.
Al-Najjar, A. Sufi Orders in Egypt (Inception, Systems, and Pioneers) (5th ed.). Dar Al-Maaref.
Al-Namlah, A. I. East and West (the bases of relationships and their determinants) (3rd ed.). Dar Bisan, Beirut. 2010
Al-Namlah, A. L. The Essence of Orientalism (Concept - Objectives - Connections) (3rd ed.). Dar Bisan, Beirut. 2011
Al-Nashar, A. S. The emergence of philosophical thought in Islam (9th ed.). Dar Al-Maaref, Cairo. 2007
Al-Qushayri, A. K. Al-Risalah Al-Qushayriyah. A. H. Mahmoud & M. B. Sharif (Eds.). House of Knowledge, Cairo. 2011
Al-Radawy, D. The Senussi movement and its role in fighting the Italian occupation in Libya. Universite Mohamed Boudial, M'sila. 1932
Al-Rasheed, H. The Movement of Modern Age (its concept, origin, and applications). Al-Taseel Center for Studies and Research, Jeddah. 2013
Al-Shahid, A. M. The Contemporary Philosophical Discourse. Dar Qubaa for Printing and Publishing. 2000
Al-Shobaki, M. Y. The concept of Sufism and its types in the Sharai Scale. Journal of the Islamic University, 10(2). 2002
Al-Sindubi, H. The History of Celebration on the Prophet’s Birthday. Al-Istiqama Press, Cairo. 1947
Al-Suhrawardi, O. Awaref Al-Maaref, Shihab Al-Din Abu Hafs. A. Al-Sayeh & T. A. Wahba (Eds.). Religious Culture Library, Cairo. 2015
Al-Sulami, A. R., & Al-Nisaburi, M. I. The Biographies of Sufiyah (Tabaqat Al-Sufiyah). M. A. Al-Qadir Atta (Ed.). Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya. 1998
Al-Taftazani, A. A. The Sufi Orders in Egypt. Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University, 24(2). 1963
Al-Tusi, A. S., & Sorour, T. A. The Shining. A. H. Mahmoud (Ed.). House of Modern Books, Egypt. 1960
Al-Tuwaijri, H. A. Explanation about the Argument in Response to Tanjah. Al-Noor Foundation for Printing and Binding, Riyadh. 1965
Al-Wahaibi, A. About the Modern Orientalism (Initial Introductions). Al-Bayan Magazine. 2013
Al-Wasif, F. M. Egypt between the Invasion of Louis and Napoleon. Dar Al-Kalima, Egypt. 1998
Al-Zaidi, W. K. The Francophone Politics in the Arab Region (Its Goals - Aim - Its Future). Journal of the League of Arab States, 2(113). 2003
Ashouri, A. Sufism in the Monotheistic Religions. Journal for Social Studies, (8). 2016
Azouzi, J. Mechanisms of the Orientalist Approach in Islamic Studies. University Al-Ain Publishing House. 2007
Bakr, A., & Al-Baghdadi, A. T. The History of Baghdad. B. A. Maarouf (Ed.). Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, Beirut. 2001
Barada, A. H. The jewels of meanings and the fulfillment of wishes from the blessing of my Master. A. L. Rahaman (Ed.). Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmia, Beirut. 1996
Bardawil, S. A. The Orientalism (its stages, means, and objectives). Al-Qalzam Journal for Historical and Civilization Studies, 6(9). 2021
Benard, S. Civil Democratic Islam (I. Awad, Trans.). Tanweer Publishing House, Cairo. 1935
Bishri, S., & Maryam, S. Al-Zawaya Wa Altarq Alsufia Wa Dor Ha Fi Mawajaha Al Siteamr Al-Faransi Ba-Aljazand Khalal Alqarn Al-Asheirin. Universite A Mai. 1945 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://dspace.univ-guelma.dz/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10986/1/36.pdf
Bushra, S., & Mariam, S. Al-Zawaya and Sufi Orders and their role in confronting the French colonialism in Algeria during 20th century (Rahmani method as a model). University of Guelma, Algeria. 2019
Ghani, Q. History of Sufism in Islam (S. Nashaat, Trans.). Nineveh House, Syria. 2016
Gustav E. von Grunebaum. The Civilization of Islam, Translation: Abdulaziz Javed, p. 450. The History of Sufism in Islam, Dr. Qasim Ghani, translation: Sadiq Nashaat, p. (84-85).
Hassan, M. K. Effects of Orientalists’ Thought on Islamic Societies. Ain for human and social studies and research, Cairo. 1997
Idrissi, A. A. Islamic Sufism in the United States of America (1st ed.). Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmia. 2012
Idrissi, A. K. The phenomenon of Islamic mysticism in the modern West. Annals of Heritage, Mostaganem University, Algeria. 2010
Kamel, M. The Issue of the East. Al-Adab Press, Egypt. 1898
Khaldun, A. R. The Preface. M. A. Al-Darwish (Ed.). Al-Hidaya Library, Damascus. 2004
Landau, R. Islam and the Arabs (2nd ed.). Dar Al-Ilm Lil Malaeen, Rom Landau, p. 223 . 1977
Madina Centre for Western Studies. Linguistic Definition 'Taarif Al-Ghawi'. Madina Centre for Western Studies. 2018 http://madinacenter.com/wp/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82
Malkawi, M. A. Gnosticism (its origin, and its connection to Greek philosophy). Journal of the Faculty of Dar Al Uloom, Cairo University, 6(63). 2012
Massignon, L. Pains of Al-Hallaj (The Martyr of Islamic Sufism) (1st ed.). Qadmus Publishing and Distribution Company. 2004
Radoui, D. R. The Senussi Movement and its Role in Fighting the Italian Occupation in Libya. Mohammed Boudiaf University, Msila. 2015
Reda, S. A. Dictionary of the Texts of the Language (Mojam Matan Al-lugah) (a modern linguistic encyclopedia). Dar Maktaba Al-Hayat, Beirut. 1958
Shaaban, B. Islam, the Orientalists Henri Masset (3rd ed.). Oweidat Publications. 1988
Shahid , M. S. Contemporary Philosophical Discourse, French Orientalism and Folklore in Algeria, Shaeb Al-Daur Muhmmad, p. 15.
Sheyal, J. A. The Prominent Figures of Alexandra in Islamic Era. Library of Religious Culture, Port Said. 2000
Smailovitch, A. The Philosophy of Orientalism, and its impact on contemporary Arabic literature. House of Arab Thought, Cairo. 1997
Smileovitch, A. The philosophy of Orientalism and its impact on contemporary Arabic literature. Qurat Kitab AlArabia. 1998 https://www.alarabimag.com/books/19219-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%89.html
Taymiyyah, A. A. Al-Sufiya and the Poor. M. J. Al-Ghazi (Ed.). Dar Al-Madni, Jeddah. 1995
Tsiher, I. G. Doctrine and Sharia in Islam (M. Y. Moussa, A. H. Qader, & A. A. Haq, Trans.). Modern Book House, Egypt. 2009
Waqi’ A. A, M. Islam in Contemporary Western Curricula (1st ed.). Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud Award for the Prophetic Sunnah and Contemporary Islamic Studies. 2006 https://www.alarabimag.com/read/16303-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-
Yafut, S. The Excavation of the Orientalists in the Criticism of the Orientalists Mind. The Arab Cultural Center, Beirut. 1989
Zaheer, E. E. Sufism (origin and source). Department of Tarjuman Al-Sunnah. 2005.
Zarcon, T. Sufism in the West (Re-reading and Transformations). International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences. translated by: Othman Mustafa Othman, pp. 148, 150-151, 157, 160, 2001
Zaza, H. Researches on Jewish Thought (1st ed.). Dar al-Uloom. 1986
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Synesis (ISSN 1984-6754)